Concept of the Ideal Family Within the Volksgemeinschaft :: German Family Masculinity History Nazi Essays

Concept of the Ideal Family Within the Volksgemeinschaft Adolf Hitler and the Nazis esteemed Aryan women as heroes in Nazi Germany because of their ability to procreate. Women had no place in such an industrial society so they were encouraged to focus on their role as a dutiful wife and mother. They contributed to the Volksgemeinschaft by constructing the future generation and making more of the Aryan race. Thus, since all women were valued as the creators of the nation’s most important product—pure Aryan people—there were no restrictions on their sexual orientation. Women were allowed to become homosexuals while men were prosecuted and imprisoned for partaking in any homosexual offences. The Nazis were fervent in preserving the concept of the ideal family within the Volksgemeinschaft, and thus they reinforced masculinity within men and instilled the significance of maternity within the women. The textbook that high school students are studying in the Santa Ana School District barely emphasizes the topic of gender in Nazi Germany. Unfortunately, these high school sophomores will not be able to understand the significance of gender nor will they be able to see Nazi Germany in a different light. The authors of the textbook, however, emphasize the maternity role of the women. The Nazis dismissed women from their upper-level occupations so they could pursue the maternal role. It was the responsibility of the women to increase the birthrate of pure-blooded Aryans. Women were even offered rewards for having more children. Although the text highlights the importance of women in their household roles, it does not offer a comparison between men and women. The Nazis stressed the importance of maintaining a utopian society within the Volksgemeinschaft. Hitler wanted to keep Germany as pure as possible—meaning no Jews, no homosexual males, nothing outside of the citizens of the Aryan race. Laws were established to preserve the Aryan purity of Nazi Germany. The Reich Penal Code of 1871 was revised in 1935 as Germany had changed under the stronghold of its new leader, Hitler. Section 175 under the revised code listed the penalties for a sex offence between males: â€Å"A male who commits a sex offence with another male or allows himself to be used by another male for a sex offence shall be punished with imprisonment.

Atv Design Report

TEAM ID:60000 BAJA SAE INDIA 2012 DESIGN REPORT Copyright  © 2009 SAE International TEAM: THE CONRODS AUTHOR: K. SUBHASH BABU. CO-AUTHOR: KARN JAIN. ABSTRACT The objectives of the mini-Baja competition are to design and manufacture a â€Å"fun to drive†, versatile, safe, durable, and high performance off road vehicle. Team members must ensure that the vehicle satisfies the limits of set rules, while also to generating financial support for the project, and managing their educational responsibilities. This vehicle must be capable of negotiating the most extreme terrain with confidence and ease.The 2012 SRM UNIVERSITY Mini-Baja Team, THE CONRODS met these objectives by dividing the vehicle into its major component subsystems. By examining the 2011 entry, the team was able improve on many design features to better meet the stated requirements. Function Diagram (QFD) to determine which parameters were the most critical. These key parameters ranging from most critical to least cr itical are safety, reliability, low cost, ease of operation and maintenance, and overall performance. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:ENGINE Type Displacement Compression Ratio Max Power Max Torque DRIVE TRAIN Transmission Gear Shift Mechanism SUSPENSION Front Suspension Rear Suspension Ground Clearance Shocks and Springs Front Susp. Travel Rear Susp. Travel WHEELS Front Tyres Rear Tyres BRAKES Working Fluid Type Pedal Ratio M C Bore Dia W C Bore Dia Brake Disc Dia STEERING Type Mechanism Steering Ratio Lock to lock angle 4 Stroke, OHV,B&S 304 cc 8:1 7. 5 KW @ 3600 rpm 18. 5 Nm @ 2600 rpm Mahindra Champion Alfa (forward Orientation) Sequential Double Wishbone Double Wishbone 11. inches Customized 5 inches 6. 5 inches 22*8-10 22*8-10 Dot-3 Oil All Wheel Disc 4:1 0. 8 inch 1. 6 inch 6 inch Ackermann Rack and Pinion 10. 7:1 400 INTRODUCTION&CONSUMER INFLUENCES THE CONRODS BAJA SAEINDIA vehicle is designed as a prototype for manufacture by an outdoor recreation firm. The ideal vehicle is safe, simple and inexpensive. Additionally, the vehicle is attractive to potential buyers in both its visual appearance and performance. These characteristics are considered in design of the following major vehicle subsystems: frame, suspension, steering, and braking.Before any design could begin, we had to understand exactly who our customers are and their needs. To gain this understanding, we did extensive research that included market survey and interviewing both professional and nonprofessional local off-road enthusiasts. With this research, we determined that our customers are the BAJA SAEINDIA event and non-professional weekend off-road enthusiasts. We felt it necessary to distinguish between the two to ensure that we followed all rules set by SAEINDIA INDIA and to accommodate the weekend off-road enthusiasts in a safe manner within the SAEINDIA rules.With all necessary design parameters determined for each customer base, we were able to combine them for an overall list of design s pecifications that met all SAEINDIA requirements. We used these parameters to create a Qualitative 1|P ag e Turning radius 2. 7 meters CHASSIS/OVERALL DIMENSIONS Chassis Material IS 3074 CDS1 Tubular Frame Overall Length 2100 mm Wheel Base 1490 mm Wheel Track 1143. 2 mm Height of Vehicle 1520. 0 mm WEIGHTS Front Wheel Assembly 10 Kg Rear Wheel Assembly 11. 8 Kg Engine(with engine oil) 23 Kg Transmission(with 17 Kg lubricant) Chassis 55 Kg Dampers 8 Kg Expected Kerb Weight 260 KgTARGET SPECIFICATIONS: Parameters Speed Stopping Distance Acceleration Gradability Turning circle dia. Ground Clearance Emissions Values 40 km/h 7m 11. 6 seconds 82. 2% 5. 4 m 11. 6 inches BS III the planes created by the roll cage and the driver’s helmet. SAEINDIA also require a 3 inch envelope when a straight-edge is applied to any two tubing. Emphasis was placed on creating an easily manufactured roll cage with few parts, minimal welding and yet is still both light and strong, hence the numbers of b ends were kept to a minimum.Roll hoop Overhead members and Forward Bracing Members are one continuous bent tube. Lower Frame Side tubes are straight and are bent inwards to connect to the front suspension mounts. The Side Impact Member is a single tube with a single bend that encompass the car from the Rear Roll Hoop forward. The foot box of the vehicle is shaped by the LFS, SIM and straight tubes welded to the upper side impact tube forming a hexagonal front bulkhead taking into consideration the suspension design and reduction in dead space based on experience from the 2011 entry. A 3-D view of the car is shown below: FRAME DESIGNOBJECTIVE & FRAME CONFIGURATION The objective of the chassis is to encapsulate all Components of the car including a driver efficiently and safely. With a limited amount of power, the focus is primarily on the power to weight ratio of the vehicle. The only means to improve this critical parameter is to reduce the overall vehicle weight. Great care is take n in laying out the chassis. SAEINDIA requires each vehicle conform to a 95percentile male for all ergonomic evaluations of the design. The pertinent information is taken from â€Å"Body-space Anthropometry, Ergonomics and Design† by Stephen Pheasant.Several key safety factors in the design process dictate chassis roll cage layout and foot box design. For the roll cage, SAEINDIA requires 6 inches of clearance measured from the inside of Principal aspects of the chassis focused on during the design and implementation included driver safety, suspension and drive-train integration, structural rigidity, weight, and operator ergonomics. The number one priority in the chassis design was driver Page | 2 safety. With the help of the 2012 Baja SAEINDIA Competition Rules and Finite Element Analysis (FEA), design assurance was able to take place.Rear Impact Next rear, impact analysis was done while assuming 15,000N as the impact force. STRESS: SMX-172. 22 N/mm2 FOS:2. 43 MATERIAL SELECT ION: Two materials were considered for the construction of the chassis: AISI 4130 and IS 3074 CDS 1. IS 3074 CDS 1 steel with an OD of 25. 4 mm and a wall thickness of 3 mm was chosen because it exceeds the bending stiffness and strength requirements of SAEINDIAINDIA which gives increased protection to driver. PROPERTY Tensile strength(N/sq. mm) Yield strength(N/sq. mm) Elongation on 50 mm G. L Density (g/cc) IS 3074 438 376 32% 7. 872 AISI 4130 760 460 27% 7. 5 Side Impact The next step in the analysis was to analyse a side impact with a 5000N load. As a side impact is most likely to occur with the vehicle being hit by another MiniBaja vehicle it was assumed that neither vehicle would be a fixed object. STRESS: 237. 49 N/mm2 FOS: 1. 77 It was found out that the bending stiffness and bending strength of IS 3074 CDS are greater than those of 1018 steel having a circular cross section of 25. 4 mm and 3 mm thickness LOADING ANALYSIS: To properly approximate the loading that the vehicle will encounter, an analysis of the impact loading seen in the various types of impact scenarios was required.To properly model the impact force, the deceleration of the vehicle after impact is generally assumed to be zero. To approximate the worst case scenario that the vehicle will see, research into the forces the human body can endure was completed. It was assumed that this worst case collision would be seen when the vehicle runs into stationary, rigid object. Front Impact The first analysis to be completed was that of a front collision with a stationary object. In this case a deceleration of 20,000N was the assumed loading. STRESS: SMX-177. 81 N/mm2 FOS: 2. 36Rollover Impact The Final step in the analysis was to analyse the stress on the roll cage caused by rollover with a 5000N load on the cage. The Loading was applied to the two upper forward corner of the perimeter hoop with a combination vector sideways and downward. The load was chosen to be on two corners as this would be a worst case scenario rollover. STRESS: 267 N/mm2 FOS:1. 57 FABRICATION To maximize the geometrical consistency of the fabricated chassis, all fixturing and measurements were based on a single fixed coordinate system relative to a rigid table on which the chassis and all components were bolted.Through the use of this table and good fixturing practices, the team was able to best assure that the chassis geometry, especially Page | 3 in critical sections such as the suspension pickup points, correlated closely with the design specifications. In addition, measuring from aFixed location minimized tolerance stack-up due to measurement error and component movement results. We have decided to fabricate the second hub since it has minimum weight and optimized FOS. *Material Used to manufacture the hubs-High Carbon Steel *Hardening Process Done-Cyaniding SPACE IN DRIVER COMPARTMENT:DRIVER EROGONOMICS Driver ergonomics has been our major concern during design of the frame and also during posi tioning of various systems in drivers cabin. Cabin is made spacious for safe and comfortable. All the cables and wires are routed properly so that they would not interfere with driver legs or hands. all the routings are done in design stage itself and ROH is raised to a suitable height so that it would give proper vision to the driver DRIVERS VISION WINDOW: SUSPENSION Objective: A Mini-Baja suspension system must satisfy the following design requirements.Control movement at the wheels during vertical suspension travel and steering, both of which influence handling and stability. Provide sufficient sprung mass vibration isolation to maintain satisfactory ride quality, while maintaining high tire-ground contact rate and low tire vertical load fluctuation rate to improve road holding and handling. Improve jumping performance by limiting sprung mass pitch displacement while the vehicle is airborne. Limit chassis roll during cornering to prevent roll-over, decrease roll camber, and there fore, decrease steering reaction time and slip angle induced drag forces.Prevent excessively high jacking forces by managing static roll center location and roll center migration. Limit lateral tire scrub to maintain straight line stability and minimize horsepower losses at the rear suspension. Control lateral load transfer distribution to influence both steady state and limit of adhesion over steer/under steer handling characteristics. The non-professional weekend off road enthusiast requires a vehicle which exhibits both safe, stable, responsive handling; and a soft, comfortable ride . DRIVERS VIEW OF THE CABIN: Alternatives considered:Several different types of suspension system were considered before selecting the independent unequal arm double wishbone suspension system for both front and rear. Unequal double A-arm: In the design, suspension is supported by triangulated Aarm at the top and bottom of the knuckle. Advantages: *Improved ride quality *Good road holding *Rigid links *More control over geometry *Wheel control is precise *Negative camber gain during vertical suspension travel. Page | 4 FRONT SUSPENSION Setting static roll Centre: A two dimensional sketch was made after estimating the Centre of mass of the vehicle on paper.Various references were taken to make a 2D sketch these include: ? ? ? ? Track width of vehicle Front hub king pin axis inclination, king pin length, ball joint dimension Rim off set(for king pin positioning) Wishbone mounting point lengths rebound. Since we could not find springs that were less stiff than this we decided to go for the Auto springs as it satisfied our ride comfort requirements. A stiffer spring was required in the rear to achieve the coupling effect of suspension so as to convert the pitching motion into a bouncing motion. REAR SUSPENSION:The primary concern in designing the rear suspension was to get the maximum possible travel (jounce and rebound) such that the rear driving wheels were always kept in contact with the ground. The camber change in the rear wheels should be such that there is not much appreciable change in camber throughout the travel of the wheel. The other factor taken into account was that we were having issues with the rear suspension in last year’s design as it was observed that the drive shaft coupling was coming in contact with the lower wishbone in the rebound condition and this issue has been addressed and rectified in this year’s design.The rear suspension wheel rate was fixed such that the natural frequency of the rear suspension is 20% greater than the front suspension thus providing a flat ride over bumps by converting the pitching motion of the vehicle to be converted into bouncing motion. DAMPER SELECTION: Method for selecting springs The process began by selecting an appropriate wheel rate for the front axle. A typical road frequency of 3. 7 Hz may be encountered at the competition. This is based on a vehicle speed of 40Km/h and a road surface with bumps spaced 3m apart. The natural frequency of the suspension should be kept well below 3. Hz in order to avoid any unwanted excitation. A front suspension natural frequency of 1. 20 Hz was deemed to be suitable. The wheel rate required to obtain this natural frequency was established using the following equation (assuming sprung mass of 72kg/wheel) . 2 ? ? We need to calculate the damping ratios for the front and rear suspensions. The design process will commence by iteration only. First we find the ratio for sprung and unsprung with respect to the model. Sprung mass was found to be 71. 456kg the sprung weight was determined while the sprung mass was 288. 54kg. The ratio is 0. 247. The natural frequency of the front suspension is set at 1. 2Hz. Weight on each front wheel is 57. 71 kg. The max force of damping is given by Fcd =2*Msp*wn. Critical damping force for the front suspension system is 1085. 73 Ns/m. For the un-sprung mass natural frequency would be Wn=((Ks+Kt)/Ms)^0. 5 The combined stiffness of tire and wheel is 53. 24N/mm. Amplitude ratios were calculated for a range of damping ratios. These amplitude ratios represent the ratio of applied displacement and the displacement that actually reaches the sprung mass.Amplitude ratios were plotted against the ratio of applied frequency and natural frequency of the sprung mass. This graph shows the ideal damping ratio that should be used. This value as obtained from graph is 0. 7 which gives a damping co-efficient value of 760 Ns/m. In the similar manner the rear suspension has a ride rate of 1. 56Hz. The critical damping force is 1960 Ns/m. The graph of amplitude ratio vs frequency ratio shows an ideal damping ratio of 0. 7 the damping co-efficient is = 0. 7*1960=1372 Ns/m. ? fn ? k wheel msThe ideal wheel rate for the front suspension was calculated to be approximately 40N/mm. The relationship between wheel rate and motion ratio (MR) was used to deduce the location of the shock actuation point on the lower control arm. k wheel ? (MR) 2 ? k spring We need to set the motion ratio according to the wheel travel we require for our suspension. A travel of 50 mm was required and a list of springs were collected and measured for their stiffness characteristics. According to this calculation the motion ratio for auto spring A’s (Ks=58. 57N/mm) wheel rate (Kw=41N/mm) the motion ratio was 0. 8366. Travel of spring per unit wheel travel)The travel obtained by this spring was lesser than was required we could only obtain 26mm of travel in Page | 5 STEERING DESIGN: Objective of steering system in Baja vehicle ? ? ? To provide easy maneuverability of the vehicle over the undulating terrain. It must be durable to sustain the harsh off–road racing course. Less bump steer and return ability in steering Customer requirement: DESIGN OF WHEEL HUBS Our wheel hubs have been designed and fabricated after an extensive research. Effort has been made for minimum scrub radius and obtains the best possible wheel geometry.Adams and Ansys have been used to Simulate and analyse the behavior of these hubs respectively. We have two major design concepts: 1. 2. 3. 4. Optimum sensitivity Low turning radius Minimum feedback Low cost and easy maintenance Basis of our design: We have decided to opt for a 400 degree lock to lock rack and pinion steering with Ackerman geometry. Helical cut teeth will be used for the rack and pinion due to the following advantages over spur gears: ? ? ? ? They take higher loads. They are quieter and smoother. HUB 1 SCRUB RADIUS FACTOR OF SAFETY HUB 2 8 mm 4. 6 1460gm. 15 mm 5. 2 2506gmRulebook Constraints: All vehicles must be equipped with positive wheel lock? to? lock stops and adjustable tie rod ends must be constrained with a jam nut to prevent loosening Tie rod of vehicle should be secured by bumper in front or any other safety device in rear in order to avoid damage of tie rod during collision. WEIGHT Hence taking various factors in to consider ation HUB 2 is considerd for fabrication and stress analysis is done on it. ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED: STRESS DEFORMATION Rack and Pinion Good High Low Light 1. Extermely Simple 2. Gives good driving feel Recirculating ball screw Very High Low High Very High 1.Very Low free play 2. Non-selfreturn ability Worm and sector High Low Very High Comparatively Heavy 1. High free play 2. Non-selfreturn ability FRONT HUB Efficiency Compactness Cost Weight Comments REAR HUB Calculations: Distance between King Pins (c) Using the formulae: = 1117. 6mm FORMULAS FOR STEERING ANGLES ? ? ? cot O – cot ? =c/b sin ? =(c-d)/2r sin(? + ? ) +sin(? – O) =2sin ? Page | 6 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BOBLLIER CONSTRUCTION FOR RACK POSITIONING turning radius = (track/2) + (wheelbase/sin(average steer angle) here O=? o =outer wheel angle ? =? I = inner wheel angle Then ? steering arm angle r = length of the steering arm c= kingpin to kingpin distance d=length of the track rod b=wheelbase CALCULAT IONS wheel base (b)=1532mm kingpin to kingpin distance(c) = 1117. 6 steering arm angle ? =30 degrees on substitution an comparing two results we get ? =40 degrees O=27 degres turning radius was calculated to be 2. 9m Clevis joint is used in rack to reduce the bump steer . The below picture shows the clevis joint used Rack and Pinion design Rack displacement calculation RACK ANALYSIS FOS: 8. 5 deformation stress From above formula we get rack displacement =40+40=80mmThe picture of the complete rack assembly Page | 7 Values No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Item Symbol Formula Spur Gear 2 20 ° 11 zm/2 + H zm D cos? 35 22 Db 20. 67 23 24 Rack Module Pressure angle Number of teeth Height of Pitch Line Centre Distance Pitch Diameter Base Diameter M ? Z H Ax D Adams results : CALCULATION OF FORCES ON RACK AND PINION R=steering wheel radius = 165mm r=pinion pitch-circle radius t=number of pinion teeth = 6 p=linear or circular pitch =22mm E=input steering-wheel effort = 2 * 20N W=output rack load If the pinion makes one revolution; input steering wheel movement Xi = 2? Output rack movement Xo = 2? R = txp = 82. 86mm Therefore; Movement ratio (MR) = Xi/Xo=2? R/2? r=2? R/tp=R/r= 165/11=15 15= W/E, w=600N force is to be applied on to the pinion to move the rack. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Ft = Transmitted force Fn = Normal force. Fr = Resultant force ? = pressure angle Fn = Ft tan ? Fr = Ft/Cos ? Here ? =20 degrees therefore Fn=194. 95NFr=630N Opposite wheel travel Fig 3: Graph 1: camber angle vs wheel travel Graph 2: roll centre height vs wheel travel Graph 3: wheel rate vs wheel travel Fig1:Shows the single wheel travel vs toe change and scrub radiusPage | 8 POWERTRAIN DESIGN ? ? Engine and transmission are the loudest systems of the vehicle. Since the engine provided could not be touched in any way, the only noise reduction technique that could be adopted was through the use of proper mufflers. Various mufflers were tested on the engine but the stock muffler provided the least noise le vels . It also provided the best fuel efficiency . So it was decided to use the stock mufflers considering the â€Å"Go Green† theme. The gearbox and CV joints should always be kept properly lubricated to minimize noise due to friction.To reduce vibrations transferred to the chassis from the engine, it is mounted on rubber bushes. The drive shafts are welded properly so that they are inline and no vibrations occur during rotation. The gearbox is mounted firmly in such a way that there is a minimum contact between gearbox and chassis which means minimum transfer of vibration to chassis. The fuel tank capacity is 4 litres. ? ? ? Fig2: Shows roll steer vs wheel travel ? ? ? ? Driveline Power is transmitted from the engine to the wheels in the following way Engine Stub Axle Chain Drive Wheels Gearbox DriveshaftOpposite wheel travel fig 4: Graph 1:roll centre vs roll angle Graph 2: camber vs roll angle Graph 3: roll stiffness vs roll angle The Driveshaft consists of dowel pin on t he gearbox side and rzeppa joint on wheel side . This design ensures transmission of power with minimal losses and allows transmission at longer wheel travel Page | 9 Design Methodologies A customer expects the following things from the transmission system of a Baja vehicle: Forward Orientation Gear Final Gear Ratio 31. 48 18. 70 11. 40 7. 35 55. 08 ? ? ? ? Max. Vehicle Speed (Km/hr) 12. 04 20. 27 33. 26 51. 59 6. 88 Max. Tractive Effort (N) 2240. 7 1348. 28 821. 93 485 3971 Reverse Orientation Final Gear Ratio 55. 08 32. 72 19. 95 13. 40 31. 48 Max. Vehicle Speed (Km/hr) 8. 17 13. 68 22. 19 32. 14 12. 75 Max. Tractive Effort (N) 2990 1776. 23 Reverse engine orientation resulted in problem with weight distribution and increased vehicle length. Using the transmission in forward helped to shift the center of gravity towards vehicle’s center. Due to decreased reduction it also results in increased vehicle speed. It also provides faster acceleration and higher top speed due to th is reason we decided to use the transmission in forward orientation.To calculate vehicle speed at different engine speeds in different gears, we used the formula V= (2*3. 14*engine speed*radius of wheel/Gear ratio)*(60/1000) km/hr. The gear ratios obtained are: Chain Drive gear ratio = 28/28 =1 1083 818. 36 1708. 91 The following graph is obtained: Tractive effort is calculated by formula F=Engine torque*Gear efficiency/wheel radius The curves obtained are: ratio*transmission First Gear Second Gear Third Gear Fourth Gear Reverse Gear High speed for acceleration and speed trials. High torque for towing and hill climbing events.It should be reliable and light weight. It should transmit power in any driving conditions. ? The gearbox operation should be smooth and easy for driving comfort. The engine used has low power to weight ratio, so its necessary to transmit power with minimal loss through drive train. It should be such that it can be easily couple with the engine. Alternatives co nsidered: We had three options while deciding the transmission system a) b) c) A cvt mated with Mahindra gearbox. A custom made manual gearbox. Use of Mahindra champion gearbox coupled with chain drive. 3000 2000 1000 0 0 2000 4000 ractive effort in 1st gear tractive effort in 2nd gear The maximum Tractive effort obtained is 2240N at 2600rpm in 1st gear. Providing an acceleration of 5. 6 m/s^2. The variation of full throttle power with road speed is shown below with different gear ratio Our previous experience with cvt had problem of belt slipping at high torque conditions. Also it resulted in increased weight. So we decided against using this. As we already had 2 champion Alfa gearboxes, we decided on using this gearbox alongwith a chain drive due to the following reasons: 1) 2) 3) 4) Reduced chassis width.Can be easily coupled with the engine. Equal drive shaft lengths; increased ground clearance. Minimum rear overhang; better vehicle dynamics. 60 2nd gear 40 1st gear 20 0 0 2000 4000 3rd gear We had 2 options for the orientation of gearbox: A) Forward engine with engine in the front rear axle. B) Reverse engine orientation with engine behind of the rear axle. Total resistance of the vehicle at 3600rpm is found out by the formula R=k AW^2+KW+WsinO. Where k= coefficient of air resistance N-m^2. Page | 10 A=frontal area of the car, m^2. V= vehicle speed, km/hr. K=constant of rolling resistance.W= weight of car,N O=gradient angle, degrees. The value of resistance comes out to be R=442. 64+2452 sinO. We put this value in formula RV/3600nt=power of engine By solving the above equation for o, we get o=33 degree at 2600 rpm in 1st gear. Stopping Distance Braking Efficiency Parameters Master Cylinder Diameter Caliper Diameter Brake pad height Diameter of the disc Co-efficient of friction of the brake pad Force generated by both the brake pads per wheel Braking Torque per wheel Weight of vehicle(with the driver) Wheelbase Height of COG Dynamic front axle load Dynamic rear axle load 0. 11 m 56% Magnitude/value 19. 05 mm 32 mm 27 mm 162 mm 0. 38 3431 N 1040 N 360 Kg 1397 mm 601. 3 mm 1780 N 1650 N 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2000 4000 gradabilit y in 1st gear Gradabilit y in 2nd gear Gradabilit y in 3rd gear BRAKING DISTANCE VS SPEED: This shows that the vehicle is capable of climbing a 30 degree slope in 1st gear. This is more than enough for heavy off-road conditions. BRAKES: The criterion of designing the brake system, as stated by the rule book is that, all the wheels must lock simultaneously as the driver presses the brake pedal.Our ATV consists of disc in all the four wheels, as disc brakes are safer, reliable and more effective than drum brakes. Brake circuit used is Independent in order to ensure safety We are using rotors of the same diameter for all the four wheels. Special ATV rotors and wheel calipers have been imported from Taiwan and Tandem Master Cylinder of Maruti 800 is being used. Brass linings and Rubber (flexible) brake hoses are being used in the circuit. A Pro-E model of the brake circuit in the vehicle Brake specifications Force of the driver on the pedal Average circuit pressure Pedal ratio Deceleration 400 N 5. 16 N/sqmm 4:1 5. 5m/sqsec Page | 11 BODY PANELS: The criteria for selecting the material for body panels firewall and belly pan was as follows: ? ? ? ? ? ? Safety of the driver Rulebook constraints Weight of the panels Recyclability of the material used Cost of the material Serviceability of the vehicle INNOVATION: Solenoid Operated Fire Extinguisher The body panels are divided into three parts: Side panels, front bumper and rear panels. For increasing the serviceability of the vehicle, the panels and front bumper have been mounted using easily detachable clips.The materials used for the firewall and belly pan are 1. 5mm thick aluminium alloy sheets, which are both lightweight and 100% recyclable. For body panels, 0. 2mm thick sheet metal is used. It is also 100% recyclable. We have decided to i ncorporate following safety features in our vehicle: 1. All disc brakes with cross circuit. 2. Corrosion resistant stainless steel bolts with nylon lock nuts for all fastenings. 3. 2 fire extinguishers 4. First aid kit 5. Spill guard and splash shield for fuel tank 6. Four point harness seat belts. 7. Wide open throttle stop at the pedal. . Reverse alarm and brake lights. 9. Two 01-171 Ski-Doo kill switches. 10. Steering stop at the wheels. 11. Rear view mirrors. 12. Ignition switch for engine, apart from pull start. 13. Electronic operated fire extinguisher. 14. Seat belt engine kill system 15. Driver emergency communication system This novel kind of fire extinguisher arrangement is operated electronically through a solenoid valve. In case of fire the valve is opened by a manually operated button and a jet of CO2 is released in the engine compartment through various angles.This effectively extinguishes fire in the engine compartment and stops it’s further propagation. Seat B elt Engine Kill System: This system is designed such that the driver will not be able to start the car until he engages his seat belt. The seat belt acts as a switch to operate the relay connected to the engine kill wire. When the seat belt is disconnected, the engine kill wire is grounded. Thus, the car cannot be started. As the seat belt is engaged, relay operates, and the engine kill wire circuit is now open enabling the driver to start the COMMUNICATION SYSTEMPURPOSE: †¢ This is a two way communication system wherein messages and signals can be transmitted from the pit to the driver and vice versa. FEATURES: †¢ The system uses two microcontroller based Arduino boards fitted with an ZIGbee communication module. Page | 12 †¢ It is a transceiver. The signals are sent and received with the help of color coded Push Buttons and LEDs. The actual tested system arrangement is shown in figure. †¢ BILL OF MATERIALS: All the parts of the ATV are classified into eleven bl ocks and are given a unique ten digit part number.The cost of procurement of the part or the material is mentioned and all the machining operations are stated clearly. The spread sheet calculates the cost of machining also. Finally, the sub total of the procurement cost and the machining cost is obtained which helps in grand total of the costs. The BOM gives the level of hierarchy to each part. Sub-Division Engine Transmission Brakes Steering Suspension Wheels Electricals Body Chassis Fasteners Safety Grand Total Cost(in INR) 17000. 00 16800. 00 6928. 00 4457. 00 29954. 00 40308. 00 7940. 00 5340. 00 16240. 00 1346. 00 8272. 00 154585. 00 Page | 13ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND REFERENCES ? ? BAJA SAEINDIAINDIA Rulebook. ASIA 2010 Gillespie, Thomas D. , Fundamental of vehicle dynamics, SAEINDIAINDIA publication ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Body-space Anthropometry, Ergonomics and Design† by Stephen Pheasant. Automotive Engineering Fundamentals by â€Å"Richard Stone and Jeffery K. Ball† Th e Multi body Systems Approach to Vehicle Dynamics by â€Å"Mike Blundell and Demian Harty† Theory of Machines by â€Å"S S Ratan† Automobile Mechanics by â€Å"N. K. Giri† Machine Design by â€Å"R. S. Khurmi† Strength of Material by â€Å"R. K. Rajput† Google. com Howstuffworks. com Wikipedia. org Page | 14

Native American Art And The American Culture - 1252 Words

Native american culture is packed with many different things. In this paper I will be writing about what I researched and found about Native American art. Native American art is made up of many different forms and techniques. It plays an important role in what makes up native American culture and tradition, some of which is still around today,. In Native American’s daily life was simply not possible without the arts, there are many different types and forms, some common types include painting, basket weaving, and wood carving, many of these things have progressed today and are displayed in museums and created over again by new generations. What is Native American art? Native American art is a way of expressing native American’s way of†¦show more content†¦To create Native American common and tradition art they used different tools, some including, rocks, feathers, cloth, clay, and fabric. Native americans also used material from animals like fur and bones. They would never hunt for sport and used every last part of what they hunted and didn t let any part of their animals go unused. To get pigments and different colors they would use plants and different kinds of berries to mix and get the desired colors they wanted. They were known for having many bright colors to represent what they love. There are many, forms, and genres of Native American art, a common one is painting. The earliest form of painting that we know of, dates back all the way to 4000 b.c. These paintings have been found in caves, rock shelters, and clay plasters and were usually applied with a fibre brush. Many designs are in forms of both supernatural and natural ideas and scenarios, it was a way to tell and visualize stories. Painting was also used to decorate things like pottery and instruments. This form of art was probably the most popular. Another common form of art was basket weaving, this form of art was very useful. They used these baskets for things like storing and protecting foods and supplies. They were also used to get things from place to place. The baskets were weaved with different grasses, wood and ash splints, bark, or bundled pineShow MoreRelatedNative American Arts756 Words   |  3 PagesNative Americans treasure one thing in their culture the most; the arts. Native American art is the works created by the natives of North America. Art can come in many forms, but are most present in the visual arts and melodic arts, which can then fall under several categories. Art is considered a symbol of Native American heritage and the overall culture of world art. It has been a major part of their lives for thousands of years. The Native American arts serve the purpose of self-expression, whichRead MoreNative American Influences on Modern American Culture727 Words   |  3 PagesWhen the first Europeans came to the North American continent. they encountered the completely new cultures of the Native American peoples of North America. Native Americans, who had highly developed cultures in many respects. must have been as curious about the strange European manners and customs as the Europeans were curious about them. As always happens when two or more cultures come into contact. there was a cultural exchange. Native Americans adopted some of the Europeans ways. and the EuropeansRead MoreThe Cherokee And Cherokee Culture1497 Words   |  6 Pagesto keep Cherokee culture alive through works of pottery, woven baskets, paintings, beaded clothing, or other assorted items has always been a focus of the Cherokee people. Building One Fire is a compilation of Cherokee art showcasing the variety of mediums they express their creative styles through and illustrating the Cherokee way of life. Throughout the years, the government of the United States has played a large part in this struggle, whether they are repressing their culture, acting as patronsRead MoreNative American Art : A Modern Artist Kent Monkman1530 Words   |  7 Pages The history of European presence on the North American continent is tragic and violent for the indigenous peoples. Though Europeans brought with them horses and materials, such as cotton that were more easier to work with than animal hides, ultimately Euro-Americans took more than they ever gave. Native American art shows some of that battle to retain their identity as people under the marginalization Euro-Americans. That marginalization has happened from the first exposure of Europeans to NorthRead MoreCultural Readjustment In The Native American Culture1132 Words   |  5 Pagessettings gave an opportunity to the Europeans to visit the primitive cultures of the world. As time progress the settling of the Europeans in different areas provided an accumulated firsthand knowledge which defined the means for existence for human beings. By looking around us we can observe the later stages on cultures that are as a result of the process that was initiated at the late age of colonization and exploration. The culture of the people has spontaneously been affected by this occurring changesRead MoreHow Did The Indian Culture Affect How We Live Today?1172 Words   |  5 PagesHow did the Indian culture affect how we live today? Have you ever thought what makes up our culture? The American civilization is based on of a lot of different cultures: Europe, explorers, pilgrims and even Native Americans. While all of the factors affecting our culture are important and interesting, the Native American or Indiana culture is one of the most interesting, in my opinion. What made up their culture and what things happened to the Native Americans throughout the years is somethingRead MoreThe Native American Iroquois Communities Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagesserving more than 400 students. Out of this student population, 85% of students are economically disadvantaged. The school also serves students with disabilities (31%) and English language learners (6%). The dominating ethnicities are Black or African American (51%) and Hispanic or Latino (40%). This is an ICT fourth grade classroom with around 25 students between the ages of eight through ten. There are two teachers in the classroom, one specializes in special-edu cation and the other in elementary-educationRead MoreNative Cultures Have Been Studied And Depicted In Many1165 Words   |  5 PagesNative cultures have been studied and depicted in many forms since the 1500s. Vast amounts of information throughout the years have been formulated to represent the unique and individual native cultures around the world. Most of the information collected about native cultures was represented in various ways, from paintings, sculptures, wood carvings, and eventually in museums. Unfortunately, most of the material displayed in these art forms was inaccurate, either through presenting false or dramatizedRead MoreArt Is The Visual Manifestation And Application Of Human Creativity Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesArt is the visual manifestation and application of human creativity, typically executed through painting or sculpture. Art is multifunctional, in that it has the ability to transcend the visual by evoking an emotional response in a non-verbal way. In art, artists are able to utilize their medium to connect their personal message to the audience in a non- traditional manner. Disarming the audience by presenting a new perspective on critical issues through the implementation of art and can help combatRead MoreNative Peoples: Learning About The Extensive Native American Culture691 Words   |  3 PagesNative Peoples Magazine, which was published in the year 1987, is an American Indian magazine that is distributed bi-monthly with the cost of $19.95 for 6 issues or $36.00 for 12 issues. The goal of this magazine is to reach out to people all around the world. Native Peoples Magazine portrays the arts and lifestyles, Native American artists, cooks, fashion designers, and their culture. The magazine can be used as a travel guide for many people. According to the Mailing List Finder of Native Peoples

Henry Thoreau And Niccolo Machiavelli - 1049 Words

Leadership is the most important quality for the head of any nation, or any other political leader. To be a good leader, you must have many attributes that qualify you for such a huge responsibility. There are good crisis leaders who would fail in a period of calm. What is clear, is that leadership is a complicated concept. We have consistently found that good leaders have passion and values, confidence yet humility, knowledge and realism; Having these attributes and the ability to use them and develop them in others is the foundation for reaching goals and being successful in a leadership position. Henry David Thoreau and Niccolo Machiavelli are two men who have influenced some of the most influential people in the world, as the two were writing to different audiences, it s easy to see why their ideologies might clash or unite; Henry Thoreau and Niccolo Machiavelli both use an abundant amount of rhetorical strategies in both of their stories, including ethos, pathos, and logos; both of the stories also have their fair share of differences. The main rhetorical device in â€Å"The Prince† is logos. Nearly every sentence from the passage could be considered logical. Machiavelli achieves this through his formal and straightforward narration, which helps him maintain objectivity. His use of logos helps achieve his propose by delivering concise facts about the proper way to rule during this period of time. By employing logic, Machiavelli manages to deliver his purpose consistentlyShow MoreRelatedHenry David Thoreau s Civil Disobedience1124 Words   |  5 Pageswe were once under a tyrannical government, and it keeps order. Three famous writers known as Henry David Thoreau with Civil Disobedience, Niccolo Machiavelli with The Qualities of a Prince, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau with The Origin of Civil Society wrote about a civilized society versus a tyrannical government. Sometimes their views agreed with mine and other times they did not. Henry David Thoreau s writing, Civil Disobedience, he explains how he does not like civilized societies because of

Power Failure The Inside Story Of The Collapse Of Enron

General: Power Failure: The Inside Story of the Collapse of Enron, Mimi Swartz and Sherron Watkins, 432 pages, March 25, 2003, Crown Publishing Group, ISBN: 978-0-767-91368-3 Authors: The book is written by two authors: Mimi Swartz and Sherron Watkins. Mimi Swartz is a journalist who graduated from Hampshire College. She has written for many publications. Her work has been included in Slate, Vanity Fair, National Geographic, The New Yorker, and the New York Times. Currently, she serves as an executive editor for Texas Monthly. Ms. Swartz is a long time resident of Texas, and was able to use her experiences and insight into the Texan psyche to highlight the personalities of the Texas company and the attitude of its employees. Sherron Watkins has a Bachelor s in Business Administration from the University of Texas and a Master s in Professional Accounting, also from the University of Texas. She went to work at the accounting firm of Arthur Andersen, which was the accounting firm that handled Enron s books. After Arthur Anderson, Watkins worked for three years at MG Trade Finance, a division of Metallgesellschaft AG, a large conglomerate that specialized in mining, chemicals, and finance. Watkins went to Enron after MG, where she stayed from 1993 until 2002, following its infamous bankruptcy. Sherron Watkins worked at many different portions of Enron, eventually becoming a vice president. She was one of the whistleblowers regarding Enron s failure,Show MoreRelatedPower Failure : The Inside Story Of The Collapse Of Enron1837 Words   |  8 PagesGeneral Power Failure: The Inside Story of the Collapse of Enron, Mimi Swartz and Sherron Watkins, 432 pages, March 25, 2003, Crown Publishing Group, ISBN: 978-0-767-91368-3 Authors The book is written by two authors: Mimi Swartz and Sherron Watkins. Mimi Swartz is a journalist who graduated from Hampshire College. She has written for many publications. Her work has been included in Slate, Vanity Fair, National Geographic, The New Yorker, and the New York Times. Currently, she serves as an executiveRead MoreEnron Stakeholders1700 Words   |  7 PagesBA 215 Spring 2007 Enron Stakeholder Assignment Enron was a dream come true for a lot of people, but it was also a nightmare waiting to happen for many more. I am going to examine the collapse of Enron from the management perspective. The three examples of Enron behaving badly that I am going to study are the incidents in Valhalla, the electricity trading in California and the conflict of interest between Andy Fastow and his special purpose entities (SPE). These are just a few cases that ledRead MoreEnron Stakeholders Essay1634 Words   |  7 PagesEnron Stakeholder Assignment Enron was a dream come true for a lot of people, but it was also a nightmare waiting to happen for many more. I am going to examine the collapse of Enron from the management perspective. The three examples of Enron behaving badly that I am going to study are the incidents in Valhalla, the electricity trading in California and the conflict of interest between Andy Fastow and his special purpose entities (SPE). These are just a few cases that led to the failure ofRead MoreLegal Issue-Enron1774 Words   |  8 PagesLegal Issue in Business: The Case of Enron [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institution] Legal Issue in Business: The Case of Enron Introduction Business ethics is based on normative ethics , standards that ethics are upheld and applied specific to distinguish what is right or wrong, that is to say what should be done or who should not be fact. However, with few exceptions, business ethicists are usually less interested in the foundations of ethics (meta-ethics) or by the principlesRead MoreEnron Case Study Essay2248 Words   |  9 PagesEnron Summery of Enron case The Enron scandal has far-reaching political and financial implications. In just 15 years, Enron grew from nowhere to be Americas seventh largest company, employing 21,000 staff in more than 40 countries. But the firms success turned out to have involved an elaborate scam. Enron lied about its profits and stands accused of a range of shady dealings, including concealing debts so they didnt show up in the companys accounts. As the depth of the deceptionRead MoreEnron Ethical Issue8130 Words   |  33 PagesENRON ACCOUNTING FAILURE AND ETHICAL ISSUES ENRON ACCOUNTING FAILURE AND ETHICAL ISSUES Lecturer: DR SITI ZELEHA ABDUL RASHID Prepared by: SAMIRA ALVANDI SHAHRZAD KARIMI HAMED KHAZAEI 1 ENRON ACCOUNTING FAILURE AND ETHICAL ISSUES ENRON ACCOUNTING FAILURE AND ETHICAL ISSUES 2 ENRON ACCOUNTING FAILURE AND ETHICAL ISSUES Table of content: Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦...4 1. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 2. Literature review †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Rise and Fall of Enron2970 Words   |  12 PagesThe Leadership of Kenneth Lay 5 Contributing Factors for Enron’s Debacle 7 Power Abuse 7 Fraudulent Accounting Practices 7 Employees and Board members 8 Investors Grief 9 Auditors and external regulatory agency 9 Conclusion 9 The debacle of Enron, led not only the company to bankruptcy but also its employees and shareholders. Unethical leadership and vested interests played a significant role in its imminent failure. Very few had the courage to challenge authority and leave when faced withRead MoreEnron Case2918 Words   |  12 PagesExecutive Summary The United States that have been considered as a super power country and also the direction of science disciplines including accounting must felt bitterness. Business scandals that happened seemed eliminate confidence by the business world about the practice of good corporate governance in the United States. Enron was a company that was ranked as seventh out of the five hundred leading companies in the United States and is the largest U.S. energy company that wentRead MoreBusiness Leadership in Enron4743 Words   |  19 PagesEXECUTIVE SUMMARY Enron stands out as one of the biggest failures in business history. It’s implosion in 2001 took the world capital markets and shook the investor confidence in accounting and financial reporting. It even caused the world’s renowned international accounting firm Arthur Andersen to collapse. The most important gatekeeper could not predict Enron’s collapse before it occurred. It was then discovered that Enrons’ senior management had employed complex creative accounting techniquesRead MoreUnethical Business Practice-a Case Study of the Downfall of Two Major Companies2606 Words   |  11 Pages 1 Unethical Business Practices: A Case Study of the Downfall of Two Major Corporations Sharon Purpuro New Jersey City University Unethical Business Practices 2 Abstract The following pages will tell the story of how two very successful companies met their downfalls at the hands of some very greedy top executives and boards of trustees that chose to look the other way all because of one common denominator - greed. The tremendous pressure by stockholders

Premium Bath Fittings in India Free Essays

Marketing Assignment (Term 3): Group 2: Bath Fittings Akhil P, Ameya K, Bhaskar D, Pratyush G, Shashank P Branding Building Brand Equity ? Brand Elements o Superior build quality (elegant designs, corrosion resistance, longer functional life, and superior finishing) of imported bath fittings as compared to domestic bath fittings. Assured after-sales service for imported bath fittings, via their distributors and partners in India (ex: Italian premium brand Novellini markets its products through Cera Sanityware Ltd). Domestic makers of bath fittings are mostly unorganized in after-sales services. We will write a custom essay sample on Premium Bath Fittings in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Water conservation (Imported bath fittings use 20% lesser water than domestic bath fittings). Imported bath fittings have the option of being customized to customer’s requirements. Endorsement from best-in-business real estate builders, architects, high-end hotels luxury services and interior designers Associated with competitions and social causes (ex: Participants of the prestigious Solar Decathlons, usually held in Washington, preferably use bath fittings by Duravit in their constructions) Managing Brand Equity ? Brand Reinforcement Concept Bathrooms: Imported bath fittings are prominently displayed in stores as a complete-bath-solution (i. e. a complete bathroom is setup inside the store using imported bath fittings). This style of display enhances the product attractiveness to customers and the customers are inclined to buy the whole solution rather than just the individual product Advanced technology in bath fittings (ex: Sensor technology to control water temperature; Battery-operated towel warmers) Creating limited edition of products to maintain exclusivity (ex: Sterlingham frequently makes a limited set of hand-crafted bath fittings) o o ? o o o Leveraging secondary associations Branding Strategy ? o ? ? Aimed at medium to high income customers Portrayed as a style statement Corporate name is printed on each product Integrated Market Communication Market ? ? ? ? Bath fittings that are imported are focusing in the urban segments. Focused in the niche market. Establish tie-ups with architects, builders interior designers. Establish relationship with the major hospitals for selling their products. Money ? ? ? ? Focuses more on the B2B. Share of business of 70% in B2B and 30% to B2C. Few competitors in the niche market of Bath fittings. Major focus in the product substitutability to have stylish and prestigious products. Message The Imported Bath fittings advertise as the product that is dedicated to designing and delivering beautiful products that last a lifetime. They offer a variety of sinks, bathroom faucets and bathroom showering. Bathroom fixtures combine style and perfectly matching the decorating style. Imported bath fittings are dedicated to designing and delivering beautiful products that last a lifetime. Media The Import bath fittings do marketing through the following mediums ? Television Networks. ? Radio stations. Fashion Magazine. ? Bill boards in the Airports. ? Trade Shows in Metropolitan Cities. Pricing Customer Value and Sensitivity to Price The imported bath fittings are primarily aimed at medium to high-income customers who have loads of disposable cash. In this unconventional form of art, customer has perceived a value that satisfies his/her need as an ego satisfier and/ or as an investment. He nce higher the price, the better an ego satisfier is the product and so is the willingness to pay. Buyer Characteristics and Pricing Method Buyers are looking for quality, after-sales support and uniqueness. To tap into these customers, foreign makers of bath fittings make limited editions of specific products. They also maintain a superior build quality while giving leeway for customizing the products as per customer requirements. Price-Quality Relationship The traditional price-quality relationship holds good here, where higher price signifies better quality. Price Discounts and Allowances Discounts are usually given by the dealer or partner with which the foreign brand has a tie-up with. These local dealers/partners usually give volume discounting. Sustaining Value Customer Evolution ? ? ? ? ? ? Growth in real-estate sector; Growth in hospitality industry Customers have become knowledgeable about both domestic and imported markets Defining the requirements differently o More focus on quality and after-sales service rather than just low-cost products ? Company o Foreign brands sometimes setup a local subsidiary to cater to the demand ? Context o Imported brands understood the need for after-sales service needed by the customers. Hence, they focused on this need through their dealer and partner networks Shifting locus of purchasing authority Changing ability to pay o Increased disposable income of domestic customers Competition o Domestic vs. Imported brands Collaborators o Sustaining Value Creation ? ? Proprietary Process o Use of new and/or patented technology in bath fittings New Product Introduction o o Imported brands market through local dealers and partner networks. Domestic brands market through local dealers, partners and company stores Bath Solutions based on: Size (small to large bathroom) or Theme (Family/Guest/Child-friendly/Elder-friendly bathrooms) Go to Market The Go-to Market strategy of bath fittings in India focuses on 3 main components: It encompasses the following 3 dimensions: ? Portfolio of offers ? New sales model ? Customer Base/Customer partnerships The bath fitting industry players in India maintain a dedicated innovation function to align the product offers with the demand. Companies, such as Afrikano, Moen etc. , provide a unique and affordable package to suit the budget needs of the customers. In order to crack the new geographical markets, these companies engage in ‘Partner management’ to extend the geographical coverage and complement the offer portfolio. The offer portfolio may include – 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Taps Bathroom Furniture Spa Shower and steam room Diverter and jets Kitchen Faucets Kitchen furniture After sales service The target portfolio is basically built around another 3 axes and is thus supported by an intelligible structure, which can be depicted as shown: The Go-to market strategy for the high end bath fittings is faced with 2 main challenges: ? The market is restricted ONLY to urban areas. Customers in the rural areas do not possess such purchasing power and the pioneering cost in rural areas is very high. The demand for replacing bathroom fittings is low and the bathroom size is relatively small when compared with bathroom sizes of other developed/developing nations. Hence, continuous business from the same customer is not ensured. The main players in the market provide complete bathroom solutions with water conservation technology. Another strategy employed by such organization is to forge alliances with builders in the real-estate sector so that installations can be done during the construction phase itself. They also target architects working on high end projects for luxury market, hotels etc. The bath fitting market in India is highly competitive with many organized and unorganized players in the market. Foreign players either have distribution partnerships with Indian major players or have ventured in establishing wholly owned subsidiaries through Mergers Acquisitions and Green- Field Ventures. Moreover, companies are opening dedicated showrooms with concept bathrooms to showcase better product demonstrations. The market channel that is being used buy this industry can be summarized as follows: Companies employ direct selling and retailing strategies to penetrate the market. How to cite Premium Bath Fittings in India, Essay examples Premium Bath Fittings in India Free Essays Marketing Assignment (Term 3): Group 2: Bath Fittings Akhil P, Ameya K, Bhaskar D, Pratyush G, Shashank P Branding Building Brand Equity ? Brand Elements o Superior build quality (elegant designs, corrosion resistance, longer functional life, and superior finishing) of imported bath fittings as compared to domestic bath fittings. Assured after-sales service for imported bath fittings, via their distributors and partners in India (ex: Italian premium brand Novellini markets its products through Cera Sanityware Ltd). Domestic makers of bath fittings are mostly unorganized in after-sales services. We will write a custom essay sample on Premium Bath Fittings in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Water conservation (Imported bath fittings use 20% lesser water than domestic bath fittings). Imported bath fittings have the option of being customized to customer’s requirements. Endorsement from best-in-business real estate builders, architects, high-end hotels luxury services and interior designers Associated with competitions and social causes (ex: Participants of the prestigious Solar Decathlons, usually held in Washington, preferably use bath fittings by Duravit in their constructions) Managing Brand Equity ? Brand Reinforcement Concept Bathrooms: Imported bath fittings are prominently displayed in stores as a complete-bath-solution (i. e. a complete bathroom is setup inside the store using imported bath fittings). This style of display enhances the product attractiveness to customers and the customers are inclined to buy the whole solution rather than just the individual product Advanced technology in bath fittings (ex: Sensor technology to control water temperature; Battery-operated towel warmers) Creating limited edition of products to maintain exclusivity (ex: Sterlingham frequently makes a limited set of hand-crafted bath fittings) o o ? o o o Leveraging secondary associations Branding Strategy ? o ? ? Aimed at medium to high income customers Portrayed as a style statement Corporate name is printed on each product Integrated Market Communication Market ? ? ? ? Bath fittings that are imported are focusing in the urban segments. Focused in the niche market. Establish tie-ups with architects, builders interior designers. Establish relationship with the major hospitals for selling their products. Money ? ? ? ? Focuses more on the B2B. Share of business of 70% in B2B and 30% to B2C. Few competitors in the niche market of Bath fittings. Major focus in the product substitutability to have stylish and prestigious products. Message The Imported Bath fittings advertise as the product that is dedicated to designing and delivering beautiful products that last a lifetime. They offer a variety of sinks, bathroom faucets and bathroom showering. Bathroom fixtures combine style and perfectly matching the decorating style. Imported bath fittings are dedicated to designing and delivering beautiful products that last a lifetime. Media The Import bath fittings do marketing through the following mediums ? Television Networks. ? Radio stations. Fashion Magazine. ? Bill boards in the Airports. ? Trade Shows in Metropolitan Cities. Pricing Customer Value and Sensitivity to Price The imported bath fittings are primarily aimed at medium to high-income customers who have loads of disposable cash. In this unconventional form of art, customer has perceived a value that satisfies his/her need as an ego satisfier and/ or as an investment. He nce higher the price, the better an ego satisfier is the product and so is the willingness to pay. Buyer Characteristics and Pricing Method Buyers are looking for quality, after-sales support and uniqueness. To tap into these customers, foreign makers of bath fittings make limited editions of specific products. They also maintain a superior build quality while giving leeway for customizing the products as per customer requirements. Price-Quality Relationship The traditional price-quality relationship holds good here, where higher price signifies better quality. Price Discounts and Allowances Discounts are usually given by the dealer or partner with which the foreign brand has a tie-up with. These local dealers/partners usually give volume discounting. Sustaining Value Customer Evolution ? ? ? ? ? ? Growth in real-estate sector; Growth in hospitality industry Customers have become knowledgeable about both domestic and imported markets Defining the requirements differently o More focus on quality and after-sales service rather than just low-cost products ? Company o Foreign brands sometimes setup a local subsidiary to cater to the demand ? Context o Imported brands understood the need for after-sales service needed by the customers. Hence, they focused on this need through their dealer and partner networks Shifting locus of purchasing authority Changing ability to pay o Increased disposable income of domestic customers Competition o Domestic vs. Imported brands Collaborators o Sustaining Value Creation ? ? Proprietary Process o Use of new and/or patented technology in bath fittings New Product Introduction o o Imported brands market through local dealers and partner networks. Domestic brands market through local dealers, partners and company stores Bath Solutions based on: Size (small to large bathroom) or Theme (Family/Guest/Child-friendly/Elder-friendly bathrooms) Go to Market The Go-to Market strategy of bath fittings in India focuses on 3 main components: It encompasses the following 3 dimensions: ? Portfolio of offers ? New sales model ? Customer Base/Customer partnerships The bath fitting industry players in India maintain a dedicated innovation function to align the product offers with the demand. Companies, such as Afrikano, Moen etc. , provide a unique and affordable package to suit the budget needs of the customers. In order to crack the new geographical markets, these companies engage in ‘Partner management’ to extend the geographical coverage and complement the offer portfolio. The offer portfolio may include – 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Taps Bathroom Furniture Spa Shower and steam room Diverter and jets Kitchen Faucets Kitchen furniture After sales service The target portfolio is basically built around another 3 axes and is thus supported by an intelligible structure, which can be depicted as shown: The Go-to market strategy for the high end bath fittings is faced with 2 main challenges: ? The market is restricted ONLY to urban areas. Customers in the rural areas do not possess such purchasing power and the pioneering cost in rural areas is very high. The demand for replacing bathroom fittings is low and the bathroom size is relatively small when compared with bathroom sizes of other developed/developing nations. Hence, continuous business from the same customer is not ensured. The main players in the market provide complete bathroom solutions with water conservation technology. Another strategy employed by such organization is to forge alliances with builders in the real-estate sector so that installations can be done during the construction phase itself. They also target architects working on high end projects for luxury market, hotels etc. The bath fitting market in India is highly competitive with many organized and unorganized players in the market. Foreign players either have distribution partnerships with Indian major players or have ventured in establishing wholly owned subsidiaries through Mergers Acquisitions and Green- Field Ventures. Moreover, companies are opening dedicated showrooms with concept bathrooms to showcase better product demonstrations. The market channel that is being used buy this industry can be summarized as follows: Companies employ direct selling and retailing strategies to penetrate the market. How to cite Premium Bath Fittings in India, Papers

Sustainability and Environment Sustainable Energy

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability and Environment Sustainable Energy. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clean energy development and its employability. Nowadays, the major focus of the countries is to increase utilization of renewable resources in order to increase environmental sustainability (Kedar Lopez, 2016). The large-scale manufacturing organizations need to reduce the use of energy in order to conduct sustainable business. Therefore, the employment in the sector of renewable energy has increased rapidly. As per 2009, the total estimated employment of renewable industry was 3 million. Since the industry is growing rapidly and the trend of renewable resource is increasing, the prospect of employment in this industry is also increasing (Ciriminna et al., 2016). The major requirements of the firms are manufacturing, maintenance and operations. The employees will be responsible for a set of objectives with different competency requirements. There are a set of renewable energy technologies including wind, solar, hydro, and geothermal and Bioenergy. These technologies have been introduced in order to reduce environmental instability and promote sustainable practice. The focus of increasing use of renewable resources is to reduce emission and mitigate issues due to energy scarcity (Morell, 2016). On the other hand, the increasing demand of renewable resources has increased the employee requirements with specific competencies. In this study, different technologies for renewable resources have been evaluated. Moreover, the employability of renewable energy industry has also been evaluated in this study. There are certain capabilities that an individual should have in order to work with renewable energy firm (de Souza, Cerqueira Silva, 2015). In this era of technology, it is highly important to have adequate knowledge about technologies in order to work with such energy manufacturing companies. The purpose of renewable energy development is to ensure low pollution, improvement in energy security and increasing access to energy sources (Luhur et al., 2016). Discussion There are a range of renewable technologies such as wind, solar, hydro, and geothermal and Bioenergy. These technologies are efficient to produce renewable resources efficiently. Moreover, the use of such technologies has wide impact on the job creation of countries. The energy supply firms are responsible for high greenhouse gas emission (Petrillo et al., 2016). Therefore, it has become the most important factor to produce renewable energy, which would reduce carbon emission over the lifecycle of the firms. Government of UK has paid close attention to the future energy price and therefore, the government has increased investment in order to replace fossil fuel technologies (Ward, Gbadebo Baruah, June). Following are the renewable technologies that renewable energy resources that would facilitate the society. Wind: Wind-turbine can be used in order to convert wind resource into electricity. There are two types of wind electricity firms, which can be segregated by the position of the wind-turbine. There are some onshore wind farms and offshore wind farm in which offshore forms need high investment and employee skills. The wind-turbine is the most efficient renewable resource with a set of pros and cons (Luhur et al., 2016). This technology has wide impact on job creation, as it increases opportunity for the meteorologists, structural engineers, surveyors, lawyers, assembly workers, technicians and bankers. Implementation of wind energy helps to increase job opportunity 30% greater than coal plants and 66% greater than nuclear power plant in global market. The traditional sources of power like natural gas and coal emit large amount of greenhouse gas (Shapiro, Meneveau Gayme, 2016). However, in this process, there is no threat of greenhouse gas emission. Therefore, it can be said that this technology is one of the most efficient clean energy development process through which the government can reduce emission and increase job opportunity of the country. Solar energy: Solar technology helps to convert the sunlight into electricity. There are three types of spar technologies such as photovoltaic, solar thermal and concentrated solar power. These procedures are different in terms of manufacturing process. For example, in case of photovoltaic, it can be possible to convert the sunlight into electricity wind, solar, hydro, and geothermal and Bioenergy (Cameron van der Zwaan, 2015). The solar thermal technologies can be used to heat up water and on the other hand, CSP helps to use concentrate the sun heat through mirror and heat water in order to produce electricity (Schulze Schmidt, 2015). This renewable energy has created huge opportunity of employment. In order to establish solar energy firm, it is highly important to hire efficient employees with efficient technical skill. An individual should have the ability to cope up with new technologies in order to work in such industry (Twidell Weir, 2015). Moreover, the maintenance employee s should have adequate knowledge about solar installation. There are certain specific knowledge that may vary8 depending on the requirements of the project. Therefore, the major competency for this industry would be learning ability. Hydropower: This technology helps to generate electricity from water resource. In this technology, the companies use turbines in order to produce electricity. The large-scale organizations built the turbine in to river dams (Jaber et al., 2015). On the other hand, small-scale organizations use river flow in order to drive the generator. In hydropower technology, the employees should have proper process knowledge along with technical efficiency. The major investment of these companies is allocated for the maintenance. The employees are responsible for monitoring performance of the equipments in order to ensure sustainable production of clean energy (Schulze Schmidt, 2015). The green employment refers to the job type in which people works for renewable resource generation. On the other hand, clean energy development refers to the energy production through renewable resources. Therefore, it can be said that green technologies for energy generation increase green job opportunity for a country (Rutovitz, Dominish Downes, 2015). Therefore, the employees in this industry should have understanding regarding environmental policies imposed by the government. In case of clean energy industry, the job type is project based. Therefore, the requirements of the employers depend on the project flow. Therefore, the employees should be flexible in terms of geographical location (Mundaca Richter, 2015). Moreover, the employees should have adequate technical skills. It would help an individual to learn new technologies within short time span. The major challenge of the human resource department of this industry is shortage of experienced workforce (Inglesi-Lotz, 2016). In this industry, it is highly important to have adequate process knowledge in order to ensure high performance. Therefore, the employees should understand the entire process in order to mitigate safety issues at the workplace. The reason behind hiring experienced workers is to ensure that the company will not face any hinders due to health and safety factor (Yenneti, Day Golubchikov, 2016). There is no national certificate program for clean energy development and therefore, professional training is the sole process through which an individual may enter in this industry. In this industry, the employees should have specific competencies such as team working ability, communication skill, and interpersonal skills. Moreover, the employees should have ability to work under pressure. The production depends on the market demand and on the other hand, demand of renewable resource is increasing rapidly. Therefore, human resource department of such organizations are recruiting experienced employees in order to increase production (Mundaca Richter, 2015). When it comes to the project manager, an individual should have efficient leadership skill in order to ensure that the employees are achieving their individual objectives in an efficient manner. Moreover, the project manager should have clear vision and according to that, he should setup the objectives. Responsibility delegation is one of the major responsibilities of the project manager. There is different job position in different renewable energy generation firms (Schulze Schmidt, 2015). For example, in s olar manufacturing firms, the company would require installer technician, manufacturing workers and workers for maintenance. The skills and responsibilities for each position would be different. The companies are recruiting experienced people in order to ensure sufficient production. As the job type of the employees is project based, the employees should have the skill of time management. The employees should understand the importance of deadline in order to achieve objectives of the project (Rutovitz, Dominish Downes, 2015). All the departments should maintain efficient communication in order to achieve the project in an efficient manner. Therefore, it can be said that in order to conduct sustainable business the renewable energy companies are paying close attention to the team working ability. Moreover, the increasing trend of renewable energy has created huge job opportunity in UK market (Ciriminna et al., 2016). The government has developed an efficient business environment for the renewable energy producers. In such business environment, the companies need to hire efficient workforce in order to achieve sustainable business. However, there is no such education concerning renewable energy production. Therefore, the human resource management of renewable resource companies may face difficulties while recruitment (Yenneti, Day Golubchikov, 2016). On the other hand, the employees should have adequate knowledge about the working process. In order to improve organizational performance, the companies are providing technical training to the employees. In this manner, it is possible for the companies to improve organizational performance. Apart from that, the use of renewable energy is increasing in rapid manner. It has positive impact on the employment of the country (Mundaca Richter, 2015). The increasing establishment of renewable energy firm has increased the job opportunity. The major competencies that the employees need in this industry are team working ability, efficient communication skill, time management skill and ability to relocate. The job type in this industry is project based. Therefore, the employees should be able to work as per the organizational requirements. The company needs to train the employees according to the technological changes. In order to improve the renewable energy production, the companies should improve the technology rapidly (Petrillo et al., 2016). Therefore, it is highly important to provide sufficient training in order to avoid high employee attrition. Overall, the employability skills that an individual should have, is high technical knowledge. The human resource department of renewable energy produces is hiring experienced employees in order to ensure sustainable production. Apart from that, the trend of green employment tends people to work in renewable energy industry. The renewable energy industry needs to hire efficient employees in order to fulfill requirements of the society (Luhur et al., 2016). According to the governments legislations, the manufacturing firms should utilize renewable energy in order to conduct sustainable business. Therefore, the demand of renewable energy is increasing rapidly. On the other hand, the renewable energy companies are facing difficulties while recruiting efficient employees. It is difficult for the companies to recruit efficient workforce in order to meet the increasing demand. There are different technologies for producing renewable energy (Jaber et al., 2015). Therefore, the employees should have good understanding about the technologies. In order to fulfill the increasing demand, it is highly important to improve the technological background. In this process, the companies need to implement change management strategy through which the companies would be able to adopt innovative technologies (Schulze Schmidt , 2015). Therefore, the companies are recruiting employees with adequate knowledge in technologies. Conclusion While concluding, it can be said that the demand on renewable energy is increasing rapidly and therefore, the renewable energy companies are conducting mass recruitment from global market. The literature review shows that there is different technologies has been implemented in order to increase production of renewable resources. In order to fulfill the increasing requirements of the society, the companies have recruited employees based on certain parameters. In this industry, the core competencies are team working ability, communication skill and time management ability. The increasing trend of renewable energy has wide impact on the employment opportunity. 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